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Plenary 1

This plenary session will illustrate the integral role of academic research in shaping policy within the framework of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC), whose mission is to integrate science and knowledge into EU policymaking. Following an introduction to the JRC and its role in the European Commission, the session will delve into institutional mechanisms that empower the JRC and potentially other independent research institutes to inform and influence EU policymaking. In order to illustrate different pathways for informing policy design, Sylke will discuss three example research activities: the Learning Lab on Investing in Quality Education and Training, the pilot project on loneliness and Erasmus mobility research.

Plenary 2

Education systems are inherently complex and multidimensional, yet they are often reduced to simple rankings, turning international benchmarking into a “beauty contest” where only the top positions matter. This oversimplification distorts reality and limits meaningful policy learning. In this talk, we propose a more insightful and policy-relevant alternative: building robust, context-sensitive composite indicators through advanced extensions of the Benefit-of-the-Doubt (BoD) model. By integrating methods such as conditional analysis and expert-informed weight restrictions, our approach captures qualitative aspects, accounts for socioeconomic context and aligns with strategic goals. More importantly, it provides policymakers with more actionable information, using composite indicators not just to compare, but to pave the way for smarter educational policies.

Plenary 3

Most research in efficiency in education has focused on measuring the performance – efficiency, productivity, effectiveness – of education systems, schools/universities, principals, teachers or students to quantify potential improvements, identify best practices or to compare the performance of different groups of units, among others. This approach often relies on the strong assumption that individuals and resources are exogenously determined and that observable and unobserved attributes are equally distributed across units. However, in many contexts – such as comparisons between vocational and general education schools- this assumption is no longer plausible. Overlooking endogeneity in such cases may lead to biased or inequitable conclusions. In these settings, integrating impact evaluation methods with performance analysis provides a valuable framework to control for systematic differences between units, thereby enhancing the validity of efficiency assessments. Moreover, many education policies and programmes – such as external exams, schools’ autonomy, or innovative teaching-learning practices – are designed to improve organisational or individual performance. Yet, their evaluation typically focuses on average educational outcomes, without considering their impact on efficiency or productivity. Combining insights from impact evaluation and production frontier methodologies offers a promising avenue for addressing this gap. It enables researchers and policymakers to assess the causal effects of interventions on performance and to better understand the mechanisms through which these effects occur – whether through changes in inputs, technology, or efficiency. Despite the natural complementarity between these two fields, they have largely evolved in parallel, with limited connection. Only in the last decade have there been some developments to bridge this gap. This talk aims to explore the potential of integrating impact evaluation and frontier methods to advance the performance assessment of education systems. The goal is to contribute to the design of more effective and equitable education policies, grounded in rigorous empirical evidence. The talk will address key methodological and empirical challenges in real-world applications, such as estimating the causal effects of interventions on performance and the comparison of performance across groups with differing characteristics.